The present chapter of my book “One World – Why the Rise and Fall of Great Powers must come to an End“ could not be added to the already publicized German original (Eine Welt – kein Turmbau zu Babel). It draws extensively on two excellent sources: first, a remarkable book by Arnaud Miranda (Les Lumières sombres. Comprendre la pensée néoréactionnaire, 2026) and, second, an article by Mikhail Minakov (Freedom and progress at the dawn of the age of will: the struggle of two enlightenments in the current euro-atlantic debate, 2025).
Classical Enlightenment concluded with the American and French revolutions in the 18th century, today’s dark enlighteners believe that Donald Trump’s new presidency could signify their second “American Revolution. Supporters of the first Enlightenment advocated for ideas and practices of freedom that serve as a foundation for contemporary liberal democratic political and legal systems. The core principles of the Enlightenment greatly influenced the legal and institutional frameworks of Western societies. The U.S. Constitution and the Declaration of Independence are direct results of Enlightenment thought, especially Lockean liberalism and classical republicanism. The Declaration of Independence upholds Locke’s idea of natural rights to “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness”, positioning government as a social contract accountable to its citizens. The Constitution establishes Montesquieu’s separation of powers, striking a balance between federal authority and individual freedoms. The political ideas of Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson promoted deism and secular governance, advocating for empirical reasoning over religious dogma. Franklin’s founding of the Academy of Philadelphia (later the University of Pennsylvania) emphasized nonsectarian education, reflecting Enlightenment skepticism toward institutionalized religion. Classical republicanism, exemplified by George Washington, stressed civic virtue and participatory democracy, rejecting hereditary privilege in favor of merit-based governance.
In the view of the proponents of the “Darkened Enlightenment,” however, this two-hundred-year-old European and American tradition should no longer be considered relevant. The Dark Enlightenment, often labeled by its liberal critics as the “neo-reactionary movement” is characterized by distinctly anti-democratic ideas that emerged from the American corporate sector in the early twenty-first century. Its origins can be traced to the writings of Curtis Yarvin, an American software engineer who blogged for many years under the pseudonym “Mencius Moldbug.” His audience included groups of IT specialists, programmers, and digital startups, some of whom eventually became leaders in the digital economy. It is generally accepted that his ideas inspired British philosopher Nick Land to establish a coherent philosophical system, which he termed the “Dark Enlightenment”. Peter Thiel, the most influential activist of Dark Enlightenment declares: I no longer believe that freedom and democracy are compatible.
Despite their differing visions and philosophies, these thinkers converge on a techno-authoritarianperspective that prioritizes efficiency, technological advancement, and hierarchical governance over democratic participation. All three express admiration for authoritarian leadership, limited individual autonomy. This vision fundamentally redefines the relationship between the individual and the state. Instead of viewing citizens as collective participants in governance through democratic means, humans are seen as consumers choosing between competing governance services and products (Yarvin), catalysts or barriers to technological progress (Land), or potential “great men” who may create new pathways for freedom beyond political constraints (Thiel). Each perspective diminishes democratic agency in favor of market mechanisms or technological determinism.
Curtis Yarvin
Curtis Yarvin is the leading intellectual figure of the neoreactionary movement. A defining characteristic is his intense hatred of democracy. One of the cornerstones of the neoreactionary movement is its aim to overthrow democracy, which it views as an ineffective political system for ensuring the security and prosperity of the population. The main targets are the pillars of the system: Neoreaction is defined by its struggle against academic and media intellectuals. In the name of political stability, Yarvin completely dismisses the question of justice. The aim is to defend an absolute legal positivism: might is right. His conclusion: the United States is (should be) just a corporation. Find the best CEO in the world and give him complete control over the budget, public policy, and personnel. Universities and the press must be nationalized, before suffering the same fate as the civil service.
Close to Peter Thiel and influential with figures like J. D. Vance and Michael Anton, Yarvin is considered one of the ideologues behind Trump’s second term. The influence of Curtis Yarvin—and thus of the Dark Enlightenment—on current politics is undeniable. Yarvin advocates for massive budget cuts and for the country to be run by a CEO: Well, Musk is appointed director of DOGE. Yarvin proposes resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict by turning Gaza into a corporate city: Well, Trump speaks of his dreams of seeing Gaza become the “Riviera of the Middle East.”
Yarvin is reviving the economic mercantilism of the classical era: Well, Trump is developing a trade policy that appears to be inspired by this doctrine of protectionism and state power. Yarvin advocates for the United States to withdraw from Europe in order to put pressure on liberal democracies. One of the most important texts Yarvin has written in recent years is the one he devoted to U.S. policy in Europe a month before the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. In it, he does not merely defend the legitimacy of Russian claims in a realist vein, nor does he advocate for a fairly classic anti-interventionism within the New Right to which he belongs. He proposes, for American policy, a complete diplomatic withdrawal from the European continent. Well, given that premise it follows that, just as post-war Europe was a laboratory of democracy, the new post-Trump Europe must become a laboratory of reaction. Once Putin has carte blanche on the continent, every old European nation will find a helping hand from the bear to restore its traditional culture and form of government—the more autocratic and legitimate it is, the better.
This proposal, which might have seemed far-fetched in January 2022, has since been supported by Vance’s speech at the Munich Security Conference in February 2025. Neoreactionaries have ambitions far greater than simply overthrowing the U.S. government; they want to drag other nations along with it in order to bring down the liberal order once and for all. These parallels are even more troubling when one considers that Yarvin has been theorizing for over a decade about the need for a monarchical coup d’état that would put an end to democracy once and for all.
Nick Land
His mind set substantially differs from that of Curtis Yarvin. For him, the goal is to accelerate the spread of capitalism. By comparing Asia (especially China) and the West (especially the United States), Land identifies two tendencies inherent in modernity: on the one hand, capitalist acceleration moving toward technological singularity; on the other, democratic capture leading to sclerosis and inertia. Now, he argues, the key is to cast aside all moral inhibitions. At stake is nothing less than the deliberate creation of a superior human type. Advances in genetic engineering would allow a minority elite to bring about a biotechnological singularity: to give rise to a new species (the cyborg is not far off). Freed from all moral constraints, the elites could secede and create their own species through eugenics. This unequal, transhumanist neospeciation—which he calls “hyperracist” insofar as it involves creating a superior humanity—is the future that Land envisions and calls for. Although this theme is not extensively developed in Yarvin’s work, the entire neo-reaction movement is permeated by the question of eugenics and the biological degeneration of Western civilization. We find the fantasy of conquest by a superhuman elite, which is omnipresent in neo-reactionary texts. The goal: turning our degenerate species into technological supermen.
Peter Thiel
As one of the most successful American entrepreneurs, Peter Thiel stands in stark contrast to the two aforementioned founders of the Dark Enlightenment. Yarvin and Land are theorists; their influence is not least based on direct or indirect support from the Silicon Valley patron. Yet Thiel himself holds strong views and has emerged as a prominent voice of the “Dark Enlightenment”. His writings, particularly his works “Zero to One” and “The Straussian Moment”, have reshaped the thinking of a segment of American elites and provided contrarian perspectives on innovation, competition, and the future of Western technology and democracy. Born in Frankfurt and shaped at Stanford, Peter Thiel has emerged as a formidable figure in Silicon Valley.
Since its publication, “Zero to One” has emerged as essential reading for aspiring entrepreneurs, startup founders, and business students, serving both as a philosophical treatise and a practical guide to navigating the complex landscape of technological innovation and business creation. Many followers of these ideas have either joined the Trump administration in 2025 or actively supported it in Western countries.
One of his main theses—that “competition ultimately leads to a lack of profits for anyone and a struggle for survival”—is, however, anything but new. It is already to be found in the work of Karl Marx. The social theorist from Trier championed the thesis—since then unequivocally refuted by history—that capitalism is inevitably doomed by the pauperization caused by competition. But Joseph Schumpeter had already shown that competition is the driving force behind innovation in the first place; therefore, the history of capitalism—mind you, a tamed form of capitalism—was a success story of general material enrichment. In feudal systems, where classes existed by the grace of God, all competition was suppressed, and this was also the case under ideologically strict (not Chinese) communism. From a historical perspective, Peter Thiel’s arguments are therefore simply naive or untenable. It is a mere half-truth when he says: “A monopoly is therefore neither a pathological condition nor an exception. A monopoly is a prerequisite for any successful business.”
Yes, a company’s economic success may be skyrocketing when technological superhumans are at the helm, churning out products that become market favorites. As long as these ideas are protected by patents—and thus shielded from competition—they generate maximum profits for the companies concerned – and that is exactly what patents are meant to do. But ninety percent of the economy relies on the realization of unprotected, long-existing ideas. These form the basis of every economy, because the majority of people are not technological superhumans and yet want to make a living from their work and be recognized as equal human beings. The glorification of technological progress and the superhumans who serve it looks like a dance around a new idol, a new golden calf.
But under the current American President, Donald Trump, this dance has become the political agenda of a leading superpower that once championed the ideals of the true Enlightenment in its Declaration of Independence and is now tumbling from light into utter darkness.
